The Behavioral Theory Of Classical Conditioning And The...

Introduction This study will compare and contrast the behavioral theory of classical conditioning and the cognitive theory of cocial cognitive. Both are theories that have been well investigated to produce an outcome of effective learning. This study will examine the conditions of learning from both theories and ague their differences as well as their similarities. Evidence will be present on both sides to support this thesis claims on conditions, similarities and differences. This study will focus on the two theories assumptions, measurements of learning, and its implications to the field. Classical Conditioning and Social Cognitive Classical Conditioning was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov in 1903. This theory is also known as the respondent conditioning (Olson and Fazio, 2001). Pavlov became well-known for this theory through his series of dog experiments that tested the connection the dogs made with the ringing of the bell and its relation with food (Ormrod, 2012). This is used through stimul i and responses. Social Cognitive came from the root of Edwin B. Holt and Harold Chapman Brown s 1931 book â€Å"Animal Drive and The Learning Process†(Lent, Steven, Gail, 1994). Although, â€Å"American psychologists Albert Bandura (1986, 1998, 2000) and Walter Mischel (1973, 1995) are the main architects of social cognitive theory’s contemporary version, which Mischel (1973) initially labelled cognitive social learning theory† (Boyd, Bee, and Johnson, 2006). WeShow MoreRelatedThe Diverse Nature Of Psychology1200 Words   |  5 Pagesgeographic background (James, 2007). Subsequently, psychology is particularly the study of theory, behavior, personality, emotions, physiology, and cognitions. Examples of two psychology sub-disciplines are cognitive and behaviorism psychology. Notably, behaviorism has its origin from the learning theory whereby it utilizes certain concepts such as classical and operant conditioning. On the other hand, cognitive psychology encompasses the scientific investigation of various mental processes namely decisionRead MoreBehaviorism And The Operant Conditioning Theory Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesalso. Learning theories are conceptualized frameworks which describe how individuals absorb, process and retain in formation. Behaviorists such as John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Edward L. Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov and Edwin R. Guthrie believed that all learners were passive in nature and only responded to external stimuli. Behaviorism, as explored by the before mentioned, is a biological basis of learning and focuses exclusively on observable behaviors. This includes Thorndike’s theory of connectionismRead MoreThe Relationship Between Learning and Cognition854 Words   |  3 PagesLearning is a very important subject in psychology. In order to fully understand how learning takes place in the mind it’s vital that one is able to comprehend the how behavior and learning goes hand in hand. Instrumental and classical conditionings are both learning styles that describe the modification of behavior. The relationships with these traits are needed in order to understand the correlation cognition and learning process. This paper will define the learning process, review the roleRead MoreCom parison Of Ivan Pavlov And John Watson978 Words   |  4 Pages In 1903 a Russian physiologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov first developed an experiential model of learning called Classical Conditioning (Lautenheiser 1999). An example if Classical Conditioning would be ringing a bell when it is time for your pet to eat. The pet hears the bell and over time is conditioned that when the bell rings its dinner time thus begins to salivate, and eventually learns to be conditioned to responding to the bell in a specific manner. The bases was that neutral stimulusRead MoreLearning Experience Paper : Smoking Cessation Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pages(such as in classical and operant conditioning). And, cognitive-social learning is a cognitive learning process - series of thoughts and comprehension with experiences and actions - materializing in a social framework and supervenes purely via observation or explicit instruction (such as in observational learning/modeling). Further expounding, there are three prime psychological learning perspectives: classical and operant conditioning (associative learning types), and cognitive-social learningRead MoreWhat Is Clinical Psychology?1416 Words   |  6 PagesApproach, Cognitive Behavioral Perspective, and Humanistic Perspective. Within the Psychodynamic approach, to treat one, you would utilize psychoanalytic therapy, which emphasizes on the underlying and unconscious motivations of one. In Cognitive Behavioral, the approach deals with both the behavior and cognitive thoughts of one. This also emphasizes on one’s feelings which are results of their psychological distress. So, to treat one you would use either Cognitive Therapy or Behavioral Therapy, orRead MoreThe Contribution of Different Approaches to Psychology for the Development of Modern Psychology1147 Words   |  5 Pages Psychology is a vast field which consists of theories and approaches where it involves certain assumptions on human behavior. How they function and the aspects of the behavior that needs to be studied, in addition to the research methods that are needed to be followed in order to understand it thoroughly. These approaches provide characteristic viewpoints and emphasize different factors. These approaches have contributed towards the development of modern psychology in various ways. Read MoreThe Theories Of Behaviorist Theory1116 Words   |  5 PagesBehavioral Behaviorist theory was developed by John Watson in the early 1900s. This theory was considered very radical at the time if its inception, as the field of psychology was focused on the study of the mind and consciousness (â€Å"Behaviorism Theory Overview,† n.d.). Watson based much of his theory on Pavlov’s classical conditioning, and as a result believed that nurture was the cause of human differences (â€Å"John B. Watson,† n.d.). The experiment that Watson used to apply Pavlov’ classical conditioningRead MoreHuman Development Theories Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Development Theories In addition to Freud’s psychodynamic theory there are four other human development philosophies; biological, cognitive, behavioral and systems model. Even though these theories differ they all contain the same basic assumptions. People will continue to grow. People exhibit both stability and flux as they pass through life. People are holistic, of mind body and spirit. Lastly, individual people must be understood in the context of relationships and setting (Cash White,Read MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1519 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has been defined by many as the study of mental disorder or behavioral problems but discoveries and developments, points to psychology as the study of human mind and its functionality which includes the way we think, act, perceive things and be able to make decisions; all these makes man a complex being. Psychology isn’t just a phenomenon; it is a scientific study. Psychology as a science answers the question â€Å"why†, proposes a theory and sets experiment to test the hypothesis. The research is geared

Draft Process for Major Sports Free Essays

A draft is a procedure used to apportion certain players to sports teams, particularly college players for involvement in professional sports (Encarta, 2009). During a draft, teams take turns in selecting from a pool of qualified players. Accordingly, when a team selects a player, the former receives exclusive rights to sign the latter to a contract. We will write a custom essay sample on Draft Process for Major Sports or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most recognized mode of draft is the entry draft, which is utilized to allocate recently qualified players to play in a certain league. NFL The NFL team that finished with the worst record during the preceding year is granted the first draft pick, unless the team had earlier made a trade that relinquished its right to pick first. NFL draft has seven rounds and, accordingly, every team can each have seven selections. The draft is held in April and is every NFL team’s chance to improve the roster by adding new talented players. Only upon completion of four years of play that a college player becomes eligible to join the NFL draft. In the recent decades, however, a growing number of players have preferred to enter the draft as underclassmen by going out of high school for at least three years. NBA The May NBA Draft Lottery is a yearly event that establishes the order of selection among non-playoff teams to take part in the process of obtaining rights to pick promising young local collegiate and foreign players. For teams that do not win one of the top three picks in the lottery, the order of the selection will be decided by the order of their regular season win-loss record. During the calendar year of the draft an aspirant must be no less than 18 years of age to qualify for the draft. Moreover, a draftee who completed high school basketball eligibility must be separated for no less than one year from the time of his class graduation. MLB Every year the MLB holds two drafts, which lasts up to 50 rounds; however, a much shorter draft is carried out in Rule 5 draft. The Rule 5 draft takes place every December, during the general managers’ annual Winter Meeting. The selection order is also based on each team’s previous regular season win-loss record, with the team with the worst record starts every round. MLB draftees are either college baseball players who have played three years and who have turned 21 years of age or high-school graduates who have opted not to go to college. However, players who have been in the organization for four years and were signed at age 18 or younger, or were signed at age 19 or older and have been in the organization for three years but are not on their major league organization’s 40-man roster, are eligible for selection in the Rule 5 draft. NHL Every year, the NHL holds a seven-round off-season draft. Similar to the NBA, the NHL makes use of a lottery system to establish which team gets the top pick, beginning with the five teams with worst previous season record. However, like any other drafts, teams are allowed to trade draft picks. Any overseas player over 18, and any North American player age 18-20, is eligible to join the draft. Players are generally chosen from overseas clubs, the NCAA, high schools, and junior hockey teams. Cities with teams in the league take turn with the NHL draft’s location. MLS MLS teams draft players at the annual MLS SuperDraft. The draft is divided into four rounds with fourteen picks each, with the worst team likewise getting the first draft pick. The selection order is decided as follows: the first six selections are given to teams that did not make it to the playoffs beginning with the team with least previous regular season points; while the other eight positions are ranked by least regular season points amongst the teams that were eliminated in the same round of the preceding playoffs. However, an expansion team is given the first draft pick in each round. In order to be eligible for the draft, aspirants must be: college players who are nominated by MLS teams and no longer have college eligibility; invited to join in the draft year’s MLS Player Combine; or generation adidas-signed players. Conclusion Every year, the NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL and MLS conduct its draft. Depending on the sport, the players may come from junior teams, high school or college teams or teams in other countries. In recent years, these drafts have become spectator events, receiving the attention of millions of audiences throughout their drafting periods. Certain rules are relevant during their respective draft processes, some of which serve to make watching them a thing of some excitement and suspense. Reference Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia. (2009). Draft (sports). Retrieved July 13, 2009, from http://encarta. msn. com How to cite Draft Process for Major Sports, Essays

Cinematic Techniques used in Citizen Kane free essay sample

In film class this past week, we learned that there are many cinematic techniques used in films that contribute to the way a film is portrayed by an audience. We had the pleasure of watching a film directed by Orson Wells In 1941 called â€Å"Citizen Kane†. I am glad that this particular film was the film of choice to demonstrate some of these techniques. The movie â€Å"Citizen Kane† uses each cinematic technique in a way that is obvious to the viewer. I have chosen five of the sixteen techniques that I learned this week, which made an impact on the way that I personally viewed this film. As an armature film observer, â€Å"Citizen Kane† is the perfect film of choice to begin analyzing some of these techniques. The first technique that I noticed was a technique called dissolving. Dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another. A dissolve overlaps two shots for the duration of the effect, usually at the end of once scene and the beginning of the next. We will write a custom essay sample on Cinematic Techniques used in Citizen Kane or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The dissolving technique was used at the opening of the scene. When the movie comes on there is an image of a sign hanging on a fence. The sign says â€Å"No Trespassing. † The camera then gradually pans up and gradually dissolves into another larger bulkier fence that displays a huge letter â€Å"K† for Kane. The scene dissolves for a second time to show a large dark castle in the background. At this point we can quickly assume that the castle is the home of whoever the story is about (Kane). Using this technique combined with weary music, draws your attention in and sets the tone for a mystery. Later on in the film there is another very noticeable dissolve from one set to another. The first set is outside in the rain as we hear thunder and lightning. The shot moves up into the skyline and into the second set which is then moves through the window and into El Ranchero nightclub where we find Susan Alexander Kane sitting alone. Newspaper headlines appear throughout the movie, telling stories that move the viewers along. Some of the headlines are meant for humor. Other headlines create a certain negative mood for the storyline. For example, one of the headlines read â€Å"Candidate Kane caught in love nest with singer. † After this article the story moves right along. Kane basically leaves his wife and marries Susan Alexander. The most intense newspaper montage was when Susan Alexander is singer opera and we hear a scary thump noise as newspaper articles flash across the screen. It reads â€Å"New York in Furor for Susan Alexander. † The stadium is packed out we see the audience clapping and then we dissolve into the suicide scene. Another example would be the article that read â€Å"Charles Foster Kane dies after life time of service. † On the same page right next to the article it says â€Å"Entire nation mourns. † I think this ironic because how could the entire nation morn if even those closest to Kane had inaccurate ideas of who he was. Flashbacks are very relevant in this film. All of the characters have different viewpoints of Kane. When flashbacks are used we get the perspectives of those who knew Kane. The Butler Raymond was asked for information about Kane. At this point we realize that all he wants is money in exchange for information. He really does not care about Kane whatsoever Susan Alexander his ex-wife was on drugs or drunk, is the only character in the film who cries on Kane’s behalf. Bernstein was the general manager he explains that he respects Kane and loves him. Leland was Kane’s friend, but he was not a good friend because he wanted to leave him and go to Chicago as soon as things went wrong. Every person’s point of view was told in a flashback style. At the end of the story flashbacks make us feel sorry for Kane because we realize that some of the things that were said come from unreliable sources. The deep focus technique was very important in this type of movie. Using this technique we were able to get a feeling for the environment around the actors. The environment seemed more critical to the storyline because overlapping actions were able to be seen. Orson Wells combined the lighting with the camera lens to produce a specific effect. Deep focus shows loss of control when Kane is in his home. As I watched the movie I started to have a feeling of loneliness and isolation when Mrs. Alexander sat on the floor alone with the gig-saw puzzle next to their humongous fire place. With Deep focus everything is in frame, even the background impacts the way that we view the characters in the film. Montage was the next technique that I would like to mention. Montage shows passage of time with just a few scenes. When Mr. Kane and Susan met, he sat in her living room and listened to her play her piano and sing. In the background it looked messy and low class. The scene changes and now the background looks expensive and high class. This was a great example of a montage. Later, Mr. Kane and Susan were sitting together very close showing skin as if they had just finished having sex and where in love. The next few scenes you see them as if they are tired of one another as if time has passed. This is a great example of montage. The most significant scene to me was when Susan Alexander tries to commit suicide. She looks at Kane and says â€Å"I don’t want to sing anymore. † He then says, â€Å"Alright you don’t have to. † Kane does not want to lose the only person in his life that he has kept safe in his possession. At the same time he has controlled her the entire time. She has been like a puppet parading around town singing when she really did not want to. She knows that no one in town enjoys her singing. At this point she has been bored and lonely. Susan is sad and tired of her life even though she appears to have everything. She is ready to give up. This is foreshadowing for events to come. Later in the film she leaves Kane. She tells him that she is leaving and he asks her to stay then tells her that he will give her anything that she wants. Susan firmly says no, basically tells Kane that their relationship is over. I noticed that her room was made up like a child’s room. This seems to me that maybe Kane keeps her away safe and sheltered like a child. This is the same room that Kane’s old child hood sled is in and the globe that he drops at the end of the movie. â€Å"ROSEBUD! †